Named topological surfaces and spaces studied as individual objects. Belongs here: the Klein Bottle, the closed non-orientable surface that cannot be embedded in three-dimensional space without self-intersection; the Möbius Strip, the standard one-sided surface built by giving a strip a half-twist before joining its ends. Does not belong here: the general theory of topology, the branch entity Topology, and geometric fractal constructions whose primary interest is self-similarity or dimension rather than what survives continuous deformation, such as the Sierpinski Triangle, filed under Geometry above because that is the cluster its own live SubLabel already carries.
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Era Of Emergence All Topology
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1. Wikipedia: Topology
Wikimedia FoundationHistory sectionQuote, History section
In 1895, he published his ground-breaking paper on Analysis Situs, which introduced the concepts now known as homotopy and homology, which are now considered part of algebraic topology.
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