P-Value

In statistical hypothesis testing, the p-value is the probability, calculated under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true, of obtaining a test result at least as extreme as the one actually observed. A very small p-value indicates that such an extreme result would be unlikely if the null hypothesis were correct, and reporting p-values is standard practice across many quantitative fields. Despite this wide use, the p-value is also widely misinterpreted and misused, a problem that has become a major topic of discussion in both mathematics and metascience.