Branches of Mathematic

Differential Geometry

Geometry

Differential geometry is a mathematical discipline that studies the geometry of smooth shapes and smooth spaces, otherwise known as smooth manifolds. Beyond its classical roots in the study of curves and surfaces, the field supplies the mathematical language of modern physics: differential geometry is the language in which Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity is expressed. This description is adapted from Wikipedia contributors under CC BY-SA 4.0; changes were made. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

Facts
Central Question
What notion of size, distance, shape or curvature can be defined intrinsically on a smooth space, without reference to any surrounding space it might sit inside. 1
Key Debate
Whether Carl Friedrich Gauss deserves priority for discovering non-Euclidean geometry ahead of the 1829 to 1832 published treatises of Janos Bolyai and Nikolai Lobachevsky. Gauss told Bolyai's father he had developed such a geometry years earlier but never published it, leaving his private claim impossible to verify against the two mathematicians' public work. 2
Classification
Pure or Applied
Both / Interdisciplinary 1
Differential Geometry
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Associated With

Includes

Source Paul Finsler (Wikipedia)
Source Paul Stäckel (Wikipedia)
Source Penrose-Hawking singularity theorems (Wikipedia)
Source Wikipedia: Pierre Ossian Bonnet
Source Rauch comparison theorem, Wikipedia

Introduced the Ricci flow, the defining tool of geometric analysis in differential geometry, and developed it into the program that proved the Poincare and geometrization conjectures.

Source MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
Source Robert Zimmer (Wikipedia)
Source Roland Weitzenböck (Wikipedia)
Source Rudolf Lipschitz (Wikipedia)
Source Sergei Bernstein, Biography (MacTutor History of Mathematics)
Source Shiing-Shen Chern (Wikipedia)
Source Shing-Tung Yau (Wikipedia)
Source Su Buqing (Wikipedia)
Source Wikipedia: Sumner Byron Myers
Tensor, Concepts
Source Wolfram MathWorld: Tensor
Source Tensor Field (Wikipedia)
Source Torsion Tensor (Wikipedia)
Source Tullio Levi-Civita (Wikipedia)
Source Weinstein Conjecture (Wikipedia)
Source Wilhelm Blaschke, Biography (MacTutor History of Mathematics)
Source Wikipedia: Willi Rinow
Source MacTutor History of Mathematics: William Browder

Showing 51 to 72 of 72 in Includes, page 2 of 2.

Sources
1. Differential Geometry (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia
  • Introduction
    A geometric structure is one which defines some notion of size, distance, shape, volume, or other rigidifying structure.
  • Applications section, physics subsection, general relativity sentence
    Differential geometry is the language in which Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity is expressed.
  • Lead section, pure or applied classification
    It also relates to astronomy, the geodesy of the Earth, and later the study of hyperbolic geometry by Lobachevsky.
  • Includes: Carl Friedrich Gauss, Intrinsic geometry section
    Gauss introduced the Gauss map, Gaussian curvature, first and second fundamental forms, proved the Theorema Egregium.
  • Includes: Bernhard Riemann, Intrinsic geometry section
    Riemann introduced the notion of a Riemannian metric and the Riemannian curvature tensor for the first time, and began the systematic study of differential geometry in higher dimensions.
  • In Group: Differential and Non-Euclidean Geometry, lead paragraph
    Differential geometry is a mathematical discipline that studies the geometry of smooth shapes and smooth spaces, otherwise known as smooth manifolds.
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2. History of Non-Euclidean Geometry (Wikipedia)
WikipediaDevelopment of non-Euclidean geometry section
Quote, Development of non-Euclidean geometry section
Gauss mentioned to Bolyai's father, when shown the younger Bolyai's work, that he had developed such a geometry several years before, though he did not publish.
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Manifold (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Manifold, lead paragraph
Quote, Includes: Manifold, lead paragraph
Manifolds can be equipped with additional structure. One important class of manifolds are differentiable manifolds; their differentiable structure allows calculus to be done.
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Michael Atiyah (Wikipedia)
WikipediaIncludes: Michael Atiyah, Lead section
Quote, Includes: Michael Atiyah, Lead section
a British-Lebanese mathematician specialising in geometry
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MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
University of St Andrews, School of Mathematics and StatisticsIncludes: Richard Hamilton, https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Hamilton_Richard/
Quote, Includes: Richard Hamilton, https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Hamilton_Richard/
Richard Hamilton was an American mathematician famed for his important contributions to proving the Poincare Conjecture.
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Bochner's Formula (Wikipedia)
Includes: Bochner's Formula, Lead
Quote, Includes: Bochner's Formula, Lead
Bochner's formula is a statement relating harmonic functions on a Riemannian manifold
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Johann Christian Martin Bartels (MacTutor)
Includes: Johann Christian Martin Bartels, Biography, Dorpat
Quote, Includes: Johann Christian Martin Bartels, Biography, Dorpat
Bartels founded the Centre for Differential Geometry at Dorpat, and remained there until his death in 1836.
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Dimitri Fedorovich Egorov (MacTutor)
Includes: Dmitri Egorov, Summary
Quote, Includes: Dmitri Egorov, Summary
worked in differential geometry and mathematical analysis
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Edward Kasner (Wikipedia)
Includes: Edward Kasner, Lead
Quote, Includes: Edward Kasner, Lead
specializing in differential geometry
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Alan Weinstein (Wikipedia)
Includes: Alan Weinstein, Lead
Quote, Includes: Alan Weinstein, Lead
working in the field of differential geometry, and especially in Poisson geometry
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Edmond Bour (Wikipedia)
Includes: Edmond Bour, Lead
Quote, Includes: Edmond Bour, Lead
Most of his work was on the deformation of surfaces
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Shiing-Shen Chern (Wikipedia)
Includes: Shiing-Shen Chern, Lead
Quote, Includes: Shiing-Shen Chern, Lead
He made fundamental contributions to differential geometry and topology.
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Robert Zimmer (Wikipedia)
Includes: Robert Zimmer, Lead, research focus (differential geometry)
Quote, Includes: Robert Zimmer, Lead, research focus (differential geometry)
differential geometry
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Harry Rauch (Wikipedia)
Includes: Harry Rauch, Lead
Quote, Includes: Harry Rauch, Lead
who worked on complex analysis and differential geometry
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Paul Finsler (Wikipedia)
Includes: Paul Finsler, Lead
Quote, Includes: Paul Finsler, Lead
Finsler's thesis work concerned differential geometry
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Tullio Levi-Civita (Wikipedia)
Includes: Tullio Levi-Civita, Biography, 1917
Quote, Includes: Tullio Levi-Civita, Biography, 1917
In 1917 he introduced the notion of parallel transport in Riemannian geometry
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Donald C. Spencer (Wikipedia)
Includes: Donald C. Spencer, Lead, deformation theory
Quote, Includes: Donald C. Spencer, Lead, deformation theory
known for work on deformation theory of structures arising in differential geometry
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Jean Frédéric Frenet (Wikipedia)
Includes: Jean Frédéric Frenet, Lead
Quote, Includes: Jean Frédéric Frenet, Lead
These formulas are important in the theory of space curves (differential geometry)
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Frenet-Serret formulas (Wikipedia)
Includes: Frenet-Serret formulas, Lead
Quote, Includes: Frenet-Serret formulas, Lead
In differential geometry, the Frenet-Serret formulas describe the kinematic properties
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MacTutor History of Mathematics: Joseph Alfred Serret (MacTutor)
MacTutor History of MathematicsIncludes: Joseph Alfred Serret, Biography, last section
Quote, Includes: Joseph Alfred Serret, Biography, last section
Serret did important work in differential geometry.
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Eugenio Beltrami (MacTutor)
Includes: Eugenio Beltrami, Summary
Quote, Includes: Eugenio Beltrami, Summary
Eugenio Beltrami contributed to work in differential geometry on curves and surfaces
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Elwin Bruno Christoffel (MacTutor)
Includes: Elwin Bruno Christoffel, Biography, geometry and tensor analysis
Quote, Includes: Elwin Bruno Christoffel, Biography, geometry and tensor analysis
Christoffel published papers on function theory including conformal mappings, geometry and tensor analysis
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Alfred Enneper (Wikipedia)
Includes: Alfred Enneper, Lead, minimal surfaces
Quote, Includes: Alfred Enneper, Lead, minimal surfaces
He studied minimal surfaces and parametrized Enneper's minimal surfaces in 1864.
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Albert Ribaucour (Wikipedia)
Includes: Albert Ribaucour, Lead, mathematics
Quote, Includes: Albert Ribaucour, Lead, mathematics
particularly in differential geometry and minimal surfaces.
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Eugenio Calabi (Wikipedia)
Includes: Eugenio Calabi, Lead
Quote, Includes: Eugenio Calabi, Lead
specializing in differential geometry, partial differential equations and their applications
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Rudolf Lipschitz (Wikipedia)
Includes: Rudolf Lipschitz, Lead, differential geometry
Quote, Includes: Rudolf Lipschitz, Lead, differential geometry
and differential geometry
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Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro (Wikipedia)
Includes: Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro, Lead
Quote, Includes: Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro, Lead
He is most famous as the discoverer of tensor calculus.
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Shing-Tung Yau (Wikipedia)
Includes: Shing-Tung Yau, Lead
Quote, Includes: Shing-Tung Yau, Lead
Yau is considered one of the major contributors to the development of modern differential geometry and geometric analysis
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Ashutosh Mukherjee (Wikipedia)
Includes: Ashutosh Mukherjee, The young mathematician
Quote, Includes: Ashutosh Mukherjee, The young mathematician
He also made lasting contributions in differential geometry
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MacTutor History of Mathematics: William Browder
MacTutor History of MathematicsIncludes: William Browder, Summary
Quote, Includes: William Browder, Summary
specialising in algebraic topology, differential topology and differential geometry
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Roland Weitzenböck (Wikipedia)
Includes: Roland Weitzenböck, Lead
Quote, Includes: Roland Weitzenböck, Lead
was an Austrian mathematician working on differential geometry who introduced the Weitzenböck connection
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Harold Rosenberg (mathematician) (Wikipedia)
Includes: Harold Rosenberg, Lead
Quote, Includes: Harold Rosenberg, Lead
is an American mathematician who works on differential geometry
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Christiaan Huygens (Wikipedia)
Includes: Christiaan Huygens, Lead, field of work
Quote, Includes: Christiaan Huygens, Lead, field of work
As a mathematician, Huygens developed his theory of evolutes and wrote on games of chance and the problem of points in Van Rekeningh in Spelen van Gluck, which Frans van Schooten translated and published as De Ratiociniis in Ludo Aleae (1657).
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Charles Dupin (Wikipedia)
Includes: Charles Dupin, Article text
Quote, Includes: Charles Dupin, Article text
descriptive and differential geometry
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Nicolas Fuss (Wikipedia)
Includes: Nicolas Fuss, Lead, field of work
Quote, Includes: Nicolas Fuss, Lead, field of work
He contributed to spherical trigonometry, differential equations, the optics of microscopes and telescopes, differential geometry, and actuarial science.
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Heinrich Scherk (Wikipedia)
Includes: Heinrich Scherk, Lead, minimal surfaces
Quote, Includes: Heinrich Scherk, Lead, minimal surfaces
notable for his work on minimal surfaces and the distribution of prime numbers
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Su Buqing (Wikipedia)
Includes: Su Buqing, Lead, field
Quote, Includes: Su Buqing, Lead, field
He was the founder of differential geometry in China
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Michael Spivak (Wikipedia)
Includes: Michael Spivak, Lead
Quote, Includes: Michael Spivak, Lead
was an American mathematician specializing in differential geometry
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MacTutor History of Mathematics, University of St Andrews: Louis Puissant (biography)
MacTutor History of Mathematics, University of St AndrewsIncludes: Louis Puissant, Biography, map projection
Quote, Includes: Louis Puissant, Biography, map projection
The map was produced with considerable detail, the projection used spherical trigonometry, truncated power series and differential geometry.
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Paul Stäckel (Wikipedia)
Includes: Paul Stäckel, Lead
Quote, Includes: Paul Stäckel, Lead
active in the areas of differential geometry, number theory, and non-Euclidean geometry
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Herbert Busemann (Wikipedia)
Includes: Herbert Busemann, Lead, field
Quote, Includes: Herbert Busemann, Lead, field
was a German-American mathematician specializing in convex and differential geometry
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Hidehiko Yamabe (MacTutor)
Includes: Hidehiko Yamabe, Biography, Minnesota years
Quote, Includes: Hidehiko Yamabe, Biography, Minnesota years
differential equations and differential geometry
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George Henri Halphen (MacTutor)
Includes: Georges Henri Halphen, Summary, differential geometry
Quote, Includes: Georges Henri Halphen, Summary, differential geometry
projective differential geometry
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Georges Reeb (MacTutor)
Includes: Georges Reeb, Summary
Quote, Includes: Georges Reeb, Summary
Georges Reeb was a French mathematician who worked in differential topology, differential geometry, topological dynamics and non-standard analysis.
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Albert Wangerin (MacTutor)
Includes: Friedrich Heinrich Albert Wangerin, Summary, differential geometry
Quote, Includes: Friedrich Heinrich Albert Wangerin, Summary, differential geometry
Albert Wangerin was a German mathematician who worked on potential theory, spherical functions and differential geometry.
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Torsion Tensor (Wikipedia)
Includes: Torsion Tensor, Lead sentence
Quote, Includes: Torsion Tensor, Lead sentence
In differential geometry, the torsion tensor is a tensor that is associated to any affine connection.
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Laplace-Beltrami Operator (Wikipedia)
Includes: Laplace-Beltrami Operator, Lead sentenceView the Source
Filling Area Conjecture (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Filling Area Conjecture, Lead sentence
Quote, Includes: Filling Area Conjecture, Lead sentence
In differential geometry, Mikhail Gromov's filling area conjecture asserts that the hemisphere has minimum area among the orientab
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Carathéodory conjecture (Wikipedia)
Includes: Caratheodory Conjecture, Lead sentenceView the Source
Myers's theorem (Wikipedia)
Includes: Bonnet-Myers Theorem, Lead sentenceView the Source
Cartan-Hadamard theorem, Wikipedia
Includes: Cartan-Hadamard Theorem, Lead sentenceView the Source
Rauch comparison theorem, Wikipedia
Includes: Rauch Comparison Theorem, Lead sentenceView the Source
Élie Cartan (Wikipedia)
Includes: Élie Cartan, Lead paragraph [in-branch 2]
Quote, Includes: Élie Cartan, Lead paragraph [in-branch 2]
differential geometry
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Wikipedia: Sumner Byron Myers
Includes: Sumner Byron Myers, Lead
Quote, Includes: Sumner Byron Myers, Lead
specializing in topology and differential geometry
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Wikipedia: Pierre Ossian Bonnet
Includes: Pierre Ossian Bonnet, Lead
Quote, Includes: Pierre Ossian Bonnet, Lead
important contributions to the differential geometry of surfaces
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Wikipedia: Nicolaas Kuiper
Includes: Nicolaas Kuiper, Lead
Quote, Includes: Nicolaas Kuiper, Lead
He completed his Ph.D. in differential geometry from the University of Leiden in 1946 under the supervision of Willem van der Woude.
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Wikipedia: Alexis Clairaut
Includes: Alexis Claude Clairaut, Lead
Quote, Includes: Alexis Claude Clairaut, Lead
In mathematics he is also credited with Clairaut's theorem on mixed partial derivatives, Clairaut's equation, and Clairaut's relation in differential geometry. == Biography == === Childhood and early life === Clairaut was born in Paris, France, to Jean-Baptiste and Catherine Petit Clairaut.
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Wikipedia: Willi Rinow
Includes: Willi Rinow, Lead
Quote, Includes: Willi Rinow, Lead
Willi Ludwig August Rinow (February 28th, 1907 in Berlin, March 29th, 1979 in Greifswald) was a German mathematician who specialized in differential geometry and topology.
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Cartan-Hadamard conjecture (Wikipedia)
Includes: Cartan-Hadamard Conjecture, Lead paragraph
Quote, Includes: Cartan-Hadamard Conjecture, Lead paragraph
In mathematics, the Cartan-Hadamard conjecture is a fundamental problem in Riemannian geometry and geometric measure theory which states that the classical isoperimetric inequality may be generalized to spaces of nonpositive sectional curvature, known as Cartan-Hadamard manifolds.
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Tensor Field (Wikipedia)
Includes: Tensor field, Lead paragraph
Quote, Includes: Tensor field, Lead paragraph
Tensor fields are used in differential geometry, algebraic geometry, general relativity, in the analysis of stress and strain in material object, and in numerous applications in the physical sciences.
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Penrose-Hawking singularity theorems (Wikipedia)
Includes: Penrose-Hawking Singularity Theorems, Lead paragraph
Quote, Includes: Penrose-Hawking Singularity Theorems, Lead paragraph
The Penrose singularity theorem is a theorem in semi-Riemannian geometry and its general relativistic interpretation predicts a gravitational singularity in black hole formation.
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Heinrich Maschke, Biography (MacTutor History of Mathematics)
MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St AndrewsIncludes: Heinrich Maschke, Biography
Quote, Includes: Heinrich Maschke, Biography
who worked on group theory and on differential geometry
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Wolfram MathWorld: Hopf Conjecture
Wolfram MathWorldIncludes: Hopf Conjecture, Subject classifications
Quote, Includes: Hopf Conjecture, Subject classifications
Calculus and Analysis Differential Geometry
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Wolfram MathWorld: Tensor
Wolfram MathWorldIncludes: Tensor, Subject classifications
Quote, Includes: Tensor, Subject classifications
Calculus and Analysis Differential Geometry
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Wolfram MathWorld: Kronecker Delta
Wolfram MathWorldIncludes: Kronecker Delta, Subject classifications
Quote, Includes: Kronecker Delta, Subject classifications
Calculus and Analysis Differential Geometry
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Weinstein Conjecture (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Weinstein Conjecture, Lead section
Quote, Includes: Weinstein Conjecture, Lead section
the conjecture claims that on a compact contact manifold, its Reeb vector field should carry at least
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Double bubble theorem - Wikipedia
Includes: Double Bubble Theorem, Lead section
Quote, Includes: Double Bubble Theorem, Lead section
In the mathematical theory of minimal surfaces, the double bubble theorem states that the shape
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Sergei Bernstein, Biography (MacTutor History of Mathematics)
Includes: Sergei Bernstein, Summary
Quote, Includes: Sergei Bernstein, Summary
Sergei Bernstein was a Ukrainian mathematician who made important contributions to partial differential equations, differential geometry, probability theory and approximation theory.
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Wilhelm Blaschke, Biography (MacTutor History of Mathematics)
Includes: Wilhelm Blaschke, Summary
Quote, Includes: Wilhelm Blaschke, Summary
Wilhelm Blaschke was an Austrian mathematician whose research was on various aspects of geometry. He also initiated the study of topological differential geometry.
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Gaspard Monge, Biography (MacTutor History of Mathematics)
Includes: Gaspard Monge, Summary
Quote, Includes: Gaspard Monge, Summary
Gaspard Monge is considered the father of differential geometry because of his work Application de l'analyse à la géométrie where he introduced the concept of lines of curvature of a surface in 3 -space.
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Joseph Plateau, Biography (MacTutor History of Mathematics)
Includes: Joseph Plateau, Summary
Quote, Includes: Joseph Plateau, Summary
Joseph Plateau was a Belgian mathematician best known for Plateau's problem on surfaces of minimal area.
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Dissenting Readings (1 dissenting reading)
Key Debate

Gauss's biographers point to correspondence, not only his 1832 remark to Bolyai's father, as evidence of priority: letters to Christian Ludwig Gerling and Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel already describe a self-consistent non-Euclidean geometry years before Bolyai's 1832 appendix to his father's Tentamen or Lobachevsky's 1829 paper in the Kazan Messenger. On this view Gauss avoided publishing to sidestep the reaction of philosophers committed to Euclidean space as a Kantian necessity, not from doubt in the result. The prevailing view among historians remains that unpublished private correspondence, however early, does not establish discovery in the sense that matters for credit: Bolyai and Lobachevsky each published complete developed systems that others could read, check and build on, and it is that act of publication, not private possession, that the field credits.

A dissenting reading, from Carl Friedrich Gauss and his later biographersHistory of Non-Euclidean Geometry (Wikipedia), Wikipedia
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