Named mathematical models built to describe a physical, biological or strategic system, studied here as the model itself rather than as the physics, biology or game it describes. Belongs here: the Ising Model, the lattice model of interacting magnetic spins that became the standard toy model for phase transitions and is studied today as a mathematical object independent of the ferromagnets that first motivated it. Does not belong here: the underlying physical, biological or game-theoretic subject matter itself, which is out of this atlas's own scope or belongs to a branch or concept entity rather than a named mathematical object; and purely probabilistic constructions with no physical, biological or game-theoretic motivation, such as the Normal Distribution or a Markov Chain, filed under Probability and Statistics above because that is the cluster their own live SubLabel places them in.
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1. Mathematical Physics (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationNewtonian and post-Newtonian physicsQuote, Newtonian and post-Newtonian physics
Newton's theory of motion, culminating in his Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) in 1687, modeled three Galilean laws of motion along with Newton's law of universal gravitation on a framework of absolute space-hypothesized by Newton as a physically real entity of Euclidean geometric structure extending infinitely in all directions-while presuming absolute time, supposedly justifying knowledge of absolute motion, the object's motion with respect to absolute space.
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