The study of mathematical symbols and the rules for manipulating them: from solving equations for an unknown quantity, the sense the word carried in Al-Khwarizmi's ninth century work that gave algebra its name, to the abstract study of structures such as groups, rings and fields that emerged in the nineteenth century. Modern abstract algebra asks what properties a system of objects and operations must have to behave in a given way, independent of what the objects actually are. Algebraic method itself is older than the name: Babylonian scribes solved quadratic equations numerically more than a thousand years before Al-Khwarizmi, the Greek mathematician Diophantus systematized equation-solving in his third century Arithmetica (some historians credit him, not Al-Khwarizmi, as algebra's true founder, since Al-Khwarizmi's own distinct contribution was a general method rather than the first equation-solving), and the Chinese Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art, compiled by the first century CE, solved systems of linear equations by a matrix-like elimination method centuries before either. Al-Khwarizmi's systematic, general method independent of specific numbers is why the field bears his book's name rather than an earlier solver's.
Facts
Central QuestionWhat structures of numbers, symbols and operations obey what rules, and what is really required to solve an equation for an unknown? 1 Key DebateWhether abstract algebra's drive toward ever greater generality, groups, rings, fields, categories, trades away the concrete problem-solving intuition (solving this equation, factoring this number) that gave the subject its name and its original motivation. 1 Partially Attested
Pure or AppliedThe source names abstract algebra as shaped by the pure mathematics philosophy; algebra also has extensive applications. Algebra
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Source Rafael Bombelli, Biography (MacTutor History of Mathematics)
Source Encyclopaedia Britannica, Mathematics
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Source Wolfram MathWorld: Sendov's Conjecture -- from Wolfram MathWorld
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Source Sylvester's law of inertia, Wikipedia
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1. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
University of St Andrews, School of Mathematics and Statisticshttps://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Fund_theorem_of_algebra/
Every polynomial equation of degree n with complex coefficients has n roots in the complex numbers.
Associated With: Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Khwarizmi/
the first to teach algebra in an elementary form and for its own sake
View the Source 2. Pure mathematics (Wikipedia)
20th century, abstract algebra and topologyQuote, 20th century, abstract algebra and topology
Major advances in the beginning of 20th century was the formalization of abstract algebra and topology; these two fields were deeply influenced by the pure mathematics philosophy.
View the Source Wikipedia: Algebra
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Algebra is a branch of mathematics that deals with abstract systems, known as algebraic structures, and the manipulation of expressions within those systems.
View the Source Lagrange's Theorem, Group Theory (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Lagrange's Theorem (Group Theory), Counterexample of the converse of Lagrange's theoremQuote, Includes: Lagrange's Theorem (Group Theory), Counterexample of the converse of Lagrange's theorem
The converse of Lagrange's theorem states that if d is a divisor of the order of a group G, then there exists a subgroup H where |H| = d.
View the Source Vector Space (Wikipedia)
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A vector space (also called a linear space) is a set whose elements, often called vectors, can be added together and multiplied ("scaled") by numbers called scalars.
View the Source Ring, Mathematics (Wikipedia)
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In mathematics, a ring is an algebraic structure consisting of a set with two binary operations typically called addition and multiplication
View the Source Complex Number (Wikipedia)
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A complex number is an expression of the form a + bi, where a and b are real numbers, and i is an abstract symbol, the imaginary unit, whose meaning will be explained further below.
View the Source Algebraic Geometry (Wikipedia)
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Algebraic geometry is a branch of mathematics which uses abstract algebraic techniques, mainly from commutative algebra, to solve geometrical problems.
View the Source Polynomial (Wikipedia)
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In advanced mathematics, polynomials are used to construct polynomial rings and algebraic varieties, which are central concepts in algebra and algebraic geometry.
View the Source Equation (Wikipedia)
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Algebra studies two main families of equations: polynomial equations and, among them, the special case of linear equations.
View the Source Wikipedia: Cayley's Theorem
Fundamental Theorem of Algebra (Wikipedia)
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it was named when algebra was synonymous with the theory of equations
View the Source Hodge Conjecture (Wikipedia)
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a major unsolved problem in algebraic geometry and complex geometry
View the Source Wikipedia: Constructible Polygon
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Gauss's proof relies firstly on the fact that constructibility is equivalent to expressibility of the trigonometric functions of the common angle in terms of arithmetic operations and square root extractions
View the Source Mathematics Atlas Long-Form Articles, First Edition
Mathematics Atlas editorial staffLong-Form Articles: Fifty Years of Proofs That Assumed Their Own Conclusion
Algebraic Structure (Wikipedia)
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Abstract algebra is the name that is commonly given to the study of algebraic structures.
View the Source Universal Algebra (Wikipedia)
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Universal algebra (sometimes called general algebra) is the field of mathematics that studies algebraic structures in general, not specific types of algebraic structures.
View the Source Budan's theorem - Wikipedia
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Budan's theorem is a theorem for bounding the number of real roots of a polynomial in an interval
View the Source System of Equations (Wikipedia)
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a system of equations, also known as a set of simultaneous equations or an equation system, is a finite set of equations for which common solutions are sought
View the Source Casas-Alvero Conjecture (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Casas-Alvero Conjecture, LeadQuote, Includes: Casas-Alvero Conjecture, Lead
In mathematics, the Casas-Alvero conjecture is a problem about polynomials which have factors in common with their derivatives, proposed by Eduardo Casas-Alvero in 2001.
View the Source Ax-Grothendieck Theorem (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Ax-Grothendieck Theorem, LeadQuote, Includes: Ax-Grothendieck Theorem, Lead
In mathematics, the Ax-Grothendieck theorem is a result about injectivity and surjectivity of polynomials that was proved independently by James Ax and Alexander Grothendieck.
View the Source Symmetric group (Wikipedia)
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In abstract algebra, the symmetric group defined over any set is the group whose elements are all the bijections from the set to i
View the Source Difference of two squares (Wikipedia)
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In elementary algebra, a difference of two squares is one squared number (the number multiplied by itself) subtracted from another
View the Source Completing the Square (Wikipedia)
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In elementary algebra, completing the square is a technique for converting a quadratic polynomial of the form a x 2 + b x + c +b
View the Source Commutator Subgroup (Wikipedia)
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In mathematics, more specifically in abstract algebra, the commutator subgroup or derived subgroup of a group is the subgroup gene
View the Source Quadratic Formula (Wikipedia)
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In elementary algebra, the quadratic formula is a closed-form expression describing the solutions of a quadratic equation.
View the Source Cubic Equation (Wikipedia)
Distributive Property (Wikipedia)
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z ) = x ⋅ y + x ⋅ z is always true in elementary algebra.
View the Source Quartic Function (Wikipedia)
Bring Radical (Wikipedia)
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In algebra, the Bring radical or ultraradical of a real number a is the unique real root of the polynomial x 5 + x + a .
View the Source Consistent and Inconsistent Equations (Wikipedia)
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In mathematics and particularly in algebra, a system of equations (either linear or nonlinear) is called consistent if there is at
View the Source Algebraic Element (Wikipedia)
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In mathematics, if A is an associative algebra over K, then an element a of A is an algebraic element over K, or just algebraic ov
View the Source Alternating Multilinear Map (Wikipedia)
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In mathematics, more specifically in multilinear algebra, an alternating multilinear map is a multilinear map with all arguments b
View the Source Sextic Equation (Wikipedia)
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In algebra, a sextic (or hexic) polynomial is a polynomial of degree six.
View the Source Binet-Cauchy identity, Wikipedia
Pierce-Birkhoff conjecture (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia: Sedenion
Includes: Sedenion, Lead sentenceQuote, Includes: Sedenion, Lead sentence
In abstract algebra, the sedenions form a 16-dimensional noncommutative and nonassociative algebra over the real numbers, usually
View the Source Sylvester's law of inertia, Wikipedia
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Sylvester's law of inertia is a theorem in matrix algebra about certain properties of the coefficient matrix of a real quadratic f
View the Source Ado's Theorem (Wikipedia)
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In abstract algebra, Ado's theorem is a theorem characterizing finite-dimensional Lie algebras.
View the Source Gamas's theorem - Wikipedia
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Gamas's theorem is a result in multilinear algebra which states the necessary and sufficient conditions for a tensor symmetrized b
View the Source Binomial Theorem (Wikipedia)
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In elementary algebra, the binomial theorem (or binomial expansion) describes the algebraic expansion of powers of a binomial.
View the Source Amitsur-Levitzki theorem (Wikipedia)
Emil Artin (Wikipedia)
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modern abstract algebra
View the Source Leopold Kronecker (Wikipedia)
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abstract algebra
View the Source Sophus Lie (Wikipedia)
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development of algebra
View the Source Field (mathematics) (Wikipedia)
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Fields are fundamental algebraic structures that are widely used in algebra, number theory, and many other areas of mathematics.
View the Source Wikipedia: Erland Samuel Bring
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This work describes Bring's contribution to the algebraic solution of equations.
View the Source Wikipedia: Francesco Brioschi
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Brioschi published in Italy various algebraic theories
View the Source Wikipedia: François Viète
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whose work on new algebra was an important step towards modern algebra
View the Source Wikipedia: François Budan de Boislaurent
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Nouvelle méthode pour la résolution des équations numériques
View the Source Wikipedia: John T. Graves
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He was a friend of William Rowan Hamilton, and is credited both with inspiring Hamilton to discover the quaternions in October 1843 and then discovering their generalization the octonions himself (he called them octaves) later that same year.
View the Source Wikipedia: Joseph Wedderburn
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A significant algebraist, he proved that a finite division algebra is a field (Wedderburn's little theorem), and part of the Artin-Wedderburn theorem on simple algebras.
View the Source Wikipedia: Charles Hermite
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Charles Hermite (French: [ʃaʁl ɛʁmit]; 24 December 1822-14 January 1901) was a French mathematician who studied analysis, number theory, and algebra.
View the Source Wikipedia: Frank Morley
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Frank Morley (September 9, 1860, October 17, 1937) was a leading mathematician, known mostly for his teaching and research in the fields of algebra and geometry.
View the Source Wikipedia: Étienne Bézout
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Bézout is also acknowledged for his work on algebra, despite being much occupied with his teaching duties, leaving him with relatively little time for algebra research.
View the Source Wikipedia: Alexandru Froda
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Alexandru Froda (July 16, 1894, October 7, 1973) was a Romanian mathematician with contributions in the field of mathematical analysis, algebra, number theory and rational mechanics.
View the Source Wikipedia: Arthur Cayley
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Arthur Cayley (; 16 August 1821-26 January 1895) was an English mathematician who worked mostly on algebra.
View the Source William Rowan Hamilton (Wikipedia)
Includes: William Rowan Hamilton, Lead paragraphQuote, Includes: William Rowan Hamilton, Lead paragraph
Sir William Rowan Hamilton (4 August 1805-2 September 1865) was an Irish mathematician, physicist, and astronomer who made numerous major contributions to algebra, classical mechanics, and optics.
View the Source Wolfram MathWorld: Vieta's Formulas
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Algebra Polynomials
View the Source Wolfram MathWorld: Scalar Field
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Algebra Scalar Algebra
View the Source Wolfram MathWorld: Linear Equation
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Algebra Algebraic Equations
View the Source Wolfram MathWorld: Vector Projection
Wolfram MathWorldIncludes: Vector Projection, Subject classificationsQuote, Includes: Vector Projection, Subject classifications
Algebra Vector Algebra
View the Source Wolfram MathWorld: Algebraic Equation
Wolfram MathWorldIncludes: Algebraic Equation, Subject classificationsQuote, Includes: Algebraic Equation, Subject classifications
Algebra Algebraic Equations
View the Source Wolfram MathWorld: Carlyle Circle
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Algebra General Algebra
View the Source Wolfram MathWorld: Jerk
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Algebra Vector Algebra
View the Source Wolfram MathWorld: Faulhaber's Formula
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Algebra Sums
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Algebra Forms
View the Source Wolfram MathWorld: Quartic Equation
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Algebra Algebraic Equations
View the Source Wolfram MathWorld: Quadratic Equation
Wolfram MathWorldIncludes: Quadratic equation, Subject classificationsQuote, Includes: Quadratic equation, Subject classifications
Algebra Algebraic Equations
View the Source Wolfram MathWorld: Octonion
Wolfram MathWorldIncludes: Octonion, Subject classificationsQuote, Includes: Octonion, Subject classifications
Algebra Quaternions and Clifford Algebras
View the Source Wikipedia: Octonion
Includes: Octonions, Lead sectionQuote, Includes: Octonions, Lead section
In mathematics, the octonions are a normed division algebra over the real numbers, a kind of hypercomplex
View the Source Complex conjugate root theorem - Wikipedia
Includes: Complex Conjugate Root Theorem, Lead sectionQuote, Includes: Complex Conjugate Root Theorem, Lead section
of P. It follows from this (and the fundamental theorem of algebra) that, if the degree of a real polynomial is
View the Source Wikipedia: Quaternion
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In mathematics, the quaternions form a number system similar to the complex numbers, with the usual arithmetical operations of addition
View the Source Eisenstein's criterion - Wikipedia
Includes: Eisenstein's Criterion, Lead sectionQuote, Includes: Eisenstein's Criterion, Lead section
Eisenstein's criterion gives a sufficient condition for a polynomial with integer coefficients to be irreducible over the rational numbers -
View the Source Descartes' Rule of Signs (Wikipedia)
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by René Descartes in his La Géométrie, counts the roots of a polynomial by examining sign changes in its coefficients.
View the Source Vincent's theorem - Wikipedia
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Joseph Hidulphe Vincent-is a theorem that isolates the real roots of polynomials with rational coefficients. Even though Vincent's
View the Source Candido's identity (Wikipedia)
Includes: Candido's Identity, Lead sectionQuote, Includes: Candido's Identity, Lead section
after the Italian mathematician Giacomo Candido, is an identity for real numbers. It states that for two arbitrary real numbers
View the Source Cohn's irreducibility criterion (Wikipedia)
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polynomial to be irreducible
View the Source Multinomial theorem (Wikipedia)
Includes: Multinomial Theorem, Lead sectionQuote, Includes: Multinomial Theorem, Lead section
In mathematics, the multinomial theorem describes how to expand a power of a sum in terms of powers of the terms in that sum.
View the Source Quintic Function (Wikipedia)
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In mathematics, a quintic function is a function of the form g ( x ) = a x 5 + b
View the Source Degree of a Polynomial (Wikipedia)
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In mathematics, the degree of a polynomial is the highest of the degrees of the polynomial's
View the Source Identity
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In mathematics, an identity is an equality relating one mathematical expression A to another mathematical expression B, such that A and B
View the Source MacTutor biography of Max Zorn, St Andrews
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a thesis on alternative algebras
View the Source MacTutor biography of Gottfried Köthe, St Andrews
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who worked in abstract algebra, functional analysis and topological vector spaces
View the Source MacTutor biography of Hyman Bass, St Andrews
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Hyman Bass is an American mathematician, known for work in algebra and in mathematics education.
View the Source Wolfram MathWorld: Sendov's Conjecture -- from Wolfram MathWorld
Wolfram MathWorldIncludes: Sendov's Conjecture, Subject classificationsQuote, Includes: Sendov's Conjecture, Subject classifications
Algebra Polynomials
View the Source Alexander Ostrowski, Biography (MacTutor History of Mathematics)
Includes: Alexander Ostrowski, SummaryQuote, Includes: Alexander Ostrowski, Summary
Alexander Ostrowski was a Ukrainian-born mathematician who worked on a wide variety of topics in both analysis and algebra.
View the Source Christoph Rudolff, Biography (MacTutor History of Mathematics)
Includes: Christoph Rudolff, SummaryQuote, Includes: Christoph Rudolff, Summary
Christoff Rudolff was a German mathematician whose book Coss is the first German algebra book.
View the Source Ernst Witt, Biography (MacTutor History of Mathematics)
Includes: Ernst Witt, SummaryQuote, Includes: Ernst Witt, Summary
Ernst Witt was a German mathematician and a leading algebraist. He proved important results on Lie algebras.
View the Source Heinrich Martin Weber, Biography (MacTutor History of Mathematics)
Includes: Heinrich Martin Weber, SummaryQuote, Includes: Heinrich Martin Weber, Summary
Heinrich Weber was a German mathematician whose main work was in algebra, number theory, analysis and applications of analysis to mathematical physics.
View the Source Garrett Birkhoff, Biography (MacTutor History of Mathematics)
Includes: Garrett Birkhoff, SummaryQuote, Includes: Garrett Birkhoff, Summary
Garrett Birkhoff was an American mathematician best known for the algebra book he wrote with Saunders Mac Lane.
View the Source Gerolamo Cardano, Biography (MacTutor History of Mathematics)
Includes: Gerolamo Cardano, SummaryQuote, Includes: Gerolamo Cardano, Summary
Girolamo Cardan or Cardano was an Italian doctor and mathematician who is famed for his work Ars Magna which was the first Latin treatise devoted solely to algebra. In it he gave the methods of solution of the cubic and quartic equations which he had learnt from Tartaglia.
View the Source Lodovico Ferrari, Biography (MacTutor History of Mathematics)
Includes: Lodovico Ferrari, SummaryQuote, Includes: Lodovico Ferrari, Summary
Ferrari was an Italian scholar who started as Cardan's secretary and went on to devise the solution of the quartic equation.
View the Source Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia, Biography (MacTutor History of Mathematics)
Includes: Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia, SummaryQuote, Includes: Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia, Summary
Tartaglia was an Italian mathematician who was famed for his algebraic solution of cubic equations which was eventually published in Cardan's Ars Magna .
View the Source Rafael Bombelli, Biography (MacTutor History of Mathematics)
Includes: Rafael Bombelli, SummaryQuote, Includes: Rafael Bombelli, Summary
Rafael Bombelli was an Italian mathematician who wrote an influential algebra text and made free use of both negative numbers and complex numbers.
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