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Differential Geometry

Geometry

Differential geometry is a mathematical discipline that studies the geometry of smooth shapes and smooth spaces, otherwise known as smooth manifolds. Beyond its classical roots in the study of curves and surfaces, the field supplies the mathematical language of modern physics: differential geometry is the language in which Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity is expressed. This description is adapted from Wikipedia contributors under CC BY-SA 4.0; changes were made. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

Facts
Central Question
What notion of size, distance, shape or curvature can be defined intrinsically on a smooth space, without reference to any surrounding space it might sit inside. 1
Key Debate
Whether Carl Friedrich Gauss deserves priority for discovering non-Euclidean geometry ahead of the 1829 to 1832 published treatises of Janos Bolyai and Nikolai Lobachevsky. Gauss told Bolyai's father he had developed such a geometry years earlier but never published it, leaving his private claim impossible to verify against the two mathematicians' public work. 2
Classification
Pure or Applied
Both / Interdisciplinary 1
Differential Geometry
Filter Results2 entries
Connections

Associated With

Includes

Source Wikipedia: Alexis Clairaut
Source Differential Geometry (Wikipedia)
Source Bochner's Formula (Wikipedia)
Source Myers's theorem (Wikipedia)
Source Carathéodory conjecture (Wikipedia)
Source Differential Geometry (Wikipedia)
Source Cartan-Hadamard conjecture (Wikipedia)
Source Cartan-Hadamard theorem, Wikipedia
Source Double bubble theorem - Wikipedia
Source Élie Cartan (Wikipedia)
Source Filling Area Conjecture (Wikipedia)
Source Gaspard Monge, Biography (MacTutor History of Mathematics)
Source Heinrich Maschke, Biography (MacTutor History of Mathematics)
Source Wolfram MathWorld: Hopf Conjecture
Source Joseph Plateau, Biography (MacTutor History of Mathematics)
Source Wolfram MathWorld: Kronecker Delta
Source Laplace-Beltrami Operator (Wikipedia)
Manifold, Concepts
Source Manifold (Wikipedia)
Source Michael Atiyah (Wikipedia)
Source Wikipedia: Nicolaas Kuiper
Source Penrose-Hawking singularity theorems (Wikipedia)
Source Wikipedia: Pierre Ossian Bonnet
Source Rauch comparison theorem, Wikipedia

Introduced the Ricci flow, the defining tool of geometric analysis in differential geometry, and developed it into the program that proved the Poincare and geometrization conjectures.

Source MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
Source Sergei Bernstein, Biography (MacTutor History of Mathematics)
Source Wikipedia: Sumner Byron Myers
Tensor, Concepts
Source Wolfram MathWorld: Tensor
Source Tensor Field (Wikipedia)
Source Torsion Tensor (Wikipedia)
Source Weinstein Conjecture (Wikipedia)
Source Wilhelm Blaschke, Biography (MacTutor History of Mathematics)
Source Wikipedia: Willi Rinow
Sources
1. Differential Geometry (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia
  • Introduction
    A geometric structure is one which defines some notion of size, distance, shape, volume, or other rigidifying structure.
  • Applications section, physics subsection, general relativity sentence
    Differential geometry is the language in which Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity is expressed.
  • Lead section, pure or applied classification
    It also relates to astronomy, the geodesy of the Earth, and later the study of hyperbolic geometry by Lobachevsky.
  • Includes: Carl Friedrich Gauss, Intrinsic geometry section
    Gauss introduced the Gauss map, Gaussian curvature, first and second fundamental forms, proved the Theorema Egregium.
  • Includes: Bernhard Riemann, Intrinsic geometry section
    Riemann introduced the notion of a Riemannian metric and the Riemannian curvature tensor for the first time, and began the systematic study of differential geometry in higher dimensions.
View the Source
2. History of Non-Euclidean Geometry (Wikipedia)
WikipediaDevelopment of non-Euclidean geometry section
Quote, Development of non-Euclidean geometry section
Gauss mentioned to Bolyai's father, when shown the younger Bolyai's work, that he had developed such a geometry several years before, though he did not publish.
View the Source
Manifold (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Manifold, lead paragraph
Quote, Includes: Manifold, lead paragraph
Manifolds can be equipped with additional structure. One important class of manifolds are differentiable manifolds; their differentiable structure allows calculus to be done.
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Michael Atiyah (Wikipedia)
WikipediaIncludes: Michael Atiyah, Lead section
Quote, Includes: Michael Atiyah, Lead section
a British-Lebanese mathematician specialising in geometry
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MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
University of St Andrews, School of Mathematics and StatisticsIncludes: Richard Hamilton, https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Hamilton_Richard/
Quote, Includes: Richard Hamilton, https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Hamilton_Richard/
Richard Hamilton was an American mathematician famed for his important contributions to proving the Poincare Conjecture.
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Bochner's Formula (Wikipedia)
Includes: Bochner's Formula, Lead
Quote, Includes: Bochner's Formula, Lead
Bochner's formula is a statement relating harmonic functions on a Riemannian manifold
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Torsion Tensor (Wikipedia)
Includes: Torsion Tensor, Lead sentence
Quote, Includes: Torsion Tensor, Lead sentence
In differential geometry, the torsion tensor is a tensor that is associated to any affine connection.
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Laplace-Beltrami Operator (Wikipedia)
Includes: Laplace-Beltrami Operator, Lead sentenceView the Source
Filling Area Conjecture (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Filling Area Conjecture, Lead sentence
Quote, Includes: Filling Area Conjecture, Lead sentence
In differential geometry, Mikhail Gromov's filling area conjecture asserts that the hemisphere has minimum area among the orientab
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Carathéodory conjecture (Wikipedia)
Includes: Caratheodory Conjecture, Lead sentenceView the Source
Myers's theorem (Wikipedia)
Includes: Bonnet-Myers Theorem, Lead sentenceView the Source
Cartan-Hadamard theorem, Wikipedia
Includes: Cartan-Hadamard Theorem, Lead sentenceView the Source
Rauch comparison theorem, Wikipedia
Includes: Rauch Comparison Theorem, Lead sentenceView the Source
Élie Cartan (Wikipedia)
Includes: Élie Cartan, Lead paragraph [in-branch 2]
Quote, Includes: Élie Cartan, Lead paragraph [in-branch 2]
differential geometry
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Wikipedia: Sumner Byron Myers
Includes: Sumner Byron Myers, Lead
Quote, Includes: Sumner Byron Myers, Lead
specializing in topology and differential geometry
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Wikipedia: Pierre Ossian Bonnet
Includes: Pierre Ossian Bonnet, Lead
Quote, Includes: Pierre Ossian Bonnet, Lead
important contributions to the differential geometry of surfaces
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Wikipedia: Nicolaas Kuiper
Includes: Nicolaas Kuiper, Lead
Quote, Includes: Nicolaas Kuiper, Lead
He completed his Ph.D. in differential geometry from the University of Leiden in 1946 under the supervision of Willem van der Woude.
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Wikipedia: Alexis Clairaut
Includes: Alexis Claude Clairaut, Lead
Quote, Includes: Alexis Claude Clairaut, Lead
In mathematics he is also credited with Clairaut's theorem on mixed partial derivatives, Clairaut's equation, and Clairaut's relation in differential geometry. == Biography == === Childhood and early life === Clairaut was born in Paris, France, to Jean-Baptiste and Catherine Petit Clairaut.
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Wikipedia: Willi Rinow
Includes: Willi Rinow, Lead
Quote, Includes: Willi Rinow, Lead
Willi Ludwig August Rinow (February 28th, 1907 in Berlin, March 29th, 1979 in Greifswald) was a German mathematician who specialized in differential geometry and topology.
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Cartan-Hadamard conjecture (Wikipedia)
Includes: Cartan-Hadamard Conjecture, Lead paragraph
Quote, Includes: Cartan-Hadamard Conjecture, Lead paragraph
In mathematics, the Cartan-Hadamard conjecture is a fundamental problem in Riemannian geometry and geometric measure theory which states that the classical isoperimetric inequality may be generalized to spaces of nonpositive sectional curvature, known as Cartan-Hadamard manifolds.
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Tensor Field (Wikipedia)
Includes: Tensor field, Lead paragraph
Quote, Includes: Tensor field, Lead paragraph
Tensor fields are used in differential geometry, algebraic geometry, general relativity, in the analysis of stress and strain in material object, and in numerous applications in the physical sciences.
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Penrose-Hawking singularity theorems (Wikipedia)
Includes: Penrose-Hawking Singularity Theorems, Lead paragraph
Quote, Includes: Penrose-Hawking Singularity Theorems, Lead paragraph
The Penrose singularity theorem is a theorem in semi-Riemannian geometry and its general relativistic interpretation predicts a gravitational singularity in black hole formation.
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Heinrich Maschke, Biography (MacTutor History of Mathematics)
MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St AndrewsIncludes: Heinrich Maschke, Biography
Quote, Includes: Heinrich Maschke, Biography
who worked on group theory and on differential geometry
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Wolfram MathWorld: Hopf Conjecture
Wolfram MathWorldIncludes: Hopf Conjecture, Subject classifications
Quote, Includes: Hopf Conjecture, Subject classifications
Calculus and Analysis Differential Geometry
View the Source
Wolfram MathWorld: Tensor
Wolfram MathWorldIncludes: Tensor, Subject classifications
Quote, Includes: Tensor, Subject classifications
Calculus and Analysis Differential Geometry
View the Source
Wolfram MathWorld: Kronecker Delta
Wolfram MathWorldIncludes: Kronecker Delta, Subject classifications
Quote, Includes: Kronecker Delta, Subject classifications
Calculus and Analysis Differential Geometry
View the Source
Weinstein Conjecture (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Weinstein Conjecture, Lead section
Quote, Includes: Weinstein Conjecture, Lead section
the conjecture claims that on a compact contact manifold, its Reeb vector field should carry at least
View the Source
Double bubble theorem - Wikipedia
Includes: Double Bubble Theorem, Lead section
Quote, Includes: Double Bubble Theorem, Lead section
In the mathematical theory of minimal surfaces, the double bubble theorem states that the shape
View the Source
Sergei Bernstein, Biography (MacTutor History of Mathematics)
Includes: Sergei Bernstein, Summary
Quote, Includes: Sergei Bernstein, Summary
Sergei Bernstein was a Ukrainian mathematician who made important contributions to partial differential equations, differential geometry, probability theory and approximation theory.
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Wilhelm Blaschke, Biography (MacTutor History of Mathematics)
Includes: Wilhelm Blaschke, Summary
Quote, Includes: Wilhelm Blaschke, Summary
Wilhelm Blaschke was an Austrian mathematician whose research was on various aspects of geometry. He also initiated the study of topological differential geometry.
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Gaspard Monge, Biography (MacTutor History of Mathematics)
Includes: Gaspard Monge, Summary
Quote, Includes: Gaspard Monge, Summary
Gaspard Monge is considered the father of differential geometry because of his work Application de l'analyse à la géométrie where he introduced the concept of lines of curvature of a surface in 3 -space.
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Joseph Plateau, Biography (MacTutor History of Mathematics)
Includes: Joseph Plateau, Summary
Quote, Includes: Joseph Plateau, Summary
Joseph Plateau was a Belgian mathematician best known for Plateau's problem on surfaces of minimal area.
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Dissenting Readings (1 dissenting reading)
Key Debate

Gauss's biographers point to correspondence, not only his 1832 remark to Bolyai's father, as evidence of priority: letters to Christian Ludwig Gerling and Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel already describe a self-consistent non-Euclidean geometry years before Bolyai's 1832 appendix to his father's Tentamen or Lobachevsky's 1829 paper in the Kazan Messenger. On this view Gauss avoided publishing to sidestep the reaction of philosophers committed to Euclidean space as a Kantian necessity, not from doubt in the result. The prevailing view among historians remains that unpublished private correspondence, however early, does not establish discovery in the sense that matters for credit: Bolyai and Lobachevsky each published complete developed systems that others could read, check and build on, and it is that act of publication, not private possession, that the field credits.

A dissenting reading, from Carl Friedrich Gauss and his later biographersHistory of Non-Euclidean Geometry (Wikipedia), Wikipedia
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