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Graph Theory

Combinatorics and Graph Theory

Graph theory is the study of graphs, mathematical structures of vertices connected by edges, used to model pairwise relations between objects. It originated with Leonhard Euler's 1736 solution to the Seven Bridges of Konigsberg problem, and has grown from a branch of combinatorics into a stand-alone field with applications throughout computer science and network science. This description is adapted from Wikipedia contributors under CC BY-SA 4.0; changes were made. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

Facts
Central Question
Which structural properties of a network of vertices and edges, connectivity, colorability, the existence of an optimal path or cycle, can be established from its combinatorial structure alone, independent of what the vertices and edges are taken to represent? 1
Key Debate
Whether graph theory is best understood as a subfield of combinatorics or as a stand-alone branch in its own right; its rapid post-1950s growth, driven by applications in computer science, operations research and network science, gave it a body of problems distinct enough that most mathematicians now treat it as independent. 1
Classification
Pure or Applied
Both / Interdisciplinary 1
Connections

Associated With

Four Color Theorem, Theorems

The theorem is already In Branch topology (its long proof history is topological) but its statement, that any planar map can be colored with four colors so that no two bordering regions match, is the textbook graph-coloring result once the map is translated to its dual graph; graph-theory's own key-debate names exactly this kind of colorability question as central to the branch. A second branch tie, not a replacement for the topology one.

Leonhard Euler, Mathematicians

Founding problem: the Seven Bridges of Konigsberg, 1736.

Source Graph Theory (Wikipedia)

Includes

Source Heinrich Tietze (Wikipedia)
Source Hydra game (Wikipedia)
Hypergraph, Concepts
Source Ihara Zeta Function (Wikipedia)
Source Julius Petersen (Wikipedia)
Source Kahn-Kalai Conjecture (Wikipedia)
Source Wikipedia: Kazimierz Kuratowski
Source Klaus Wagner (Wikipedia)
Source Kneser graph (Wikipedia)
Source Kotzig's theorem, Wikipedia
Source Zarankiewicz problem (Wikipedia)
Source List edge-coloring (Wikipedia)
Source Lovász conjecture (Wikipedia)
Source Lovász Number (Wikipedia)
Source Turan's Theorem (Wikipedia)
Source Moser Spindle (Wikipedia)
Source Graph Coloring (Wikipedia)
Source Nash-Williams theorem (Wikipedia)
Source Wikipedia: Neil Robertson
Source MacTutor biography of Øystein Ore, St Andrews
Source Wikipedia: Paul Seymour
Source Wikipedia: Percy John Heawood
Source Perfect graph theorem (Wikipedia)
Source Petersen Graph (Wikipedia)
Source Petersen's theorem (Wikipedia)
Source Planar separator theorem (Wikipedia)
Source Wikipedia: R. Leonard Brooks
Source Reconstruction Conjecture (Wikipedia)
Source Graceful Labeling (Wikipedia)
Source Heawood conjecture (Wikipedia)
Source Wikipedia: Rudolf Halin
Source Ryser's Conjecture (Wikipedia)
Source Schnyder's theorem (Wikipedia)
Source Sidorenko's Conjecture (Wikipedia)
Source Strong perfect graph theorem (Wikipedia)
Source Szemeredi regularity lemma, Wikipedia
Source Wikipedia: Tibor Gallai
Source Total Coloring (Wikipedia)
Source Treewidth (Wikipedia)
Source Turan's Theorem (Wikipedia)

Showing 51 to 100 of 109 in Includes, page 2 of 3.

Sources
1. Graph Theory (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia
  • Lead and history sections
    the study of graphs, which are mathematical structures used to model pairwise relations between objects
  • Overview of research areas
    Is it true that any map drawn in the plane may have its regions colored with four colors
  • Overview, on the field's standing
    a stand-alone field due to its great growth and distinct from other fields, having its own kind of problems
  • Lead section, pure or applied classification
    In mathematics and computer science, graph theory is the study of graphs, which are mathematical structures used to model pairwise relations between objects.
  • Associated With: Leonhard Euler, History section
    is regarded as the first paper in the history of graph theory
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Petersen Graph (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Petersen GraphView the Source
Zsolt Tuza (Rényi Institute profile)
Includes: Zsolt Tuza, Profile
Quote, Includes: Zsolt Tuza, Profile
Research department: Graph theory
View the Source
Vizing's two fundamental papers, appendix with biographical note on Vadim G. Vizing
Includes: Vadim G. Vizing, Notes
Quote, Includes: Vadim G. Vizing, Notes
he is still active in research in graph theory
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De Bruijn-Erdos theorem (graph theory) (Wikipedia)
Includes: De Bruijn-Erdos Theorem (Graph Theory), Lead
Quote, Includes: De Bruijn-Erdos Theorem (Graph Theory), Lead
In graph theory, the De Bruijn-Erdős theorem relates graph coloring of an infinite graph to the same problem on its finite subgraphs.
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Zarankiewicz problem (Wikipedia)
Includes: Kővári-Sos-Turán Theorem, Article text
Quote, Includes: Kővári-Sos-Turán Theorem, Article text
The Zarankiewicz problem, an unsolved problem in mathematics, asks for the largest possible number of edges in a bipartite graph that has a given number of vertices and has no complete bipartite subgraphs of a given size. It belongs to the field of extremal graph theory, a branch of combinatorics
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2-factor theorem (Wikipedia)
Includes: 2-Factor Theorem, Article text
Quote, Includes: 2-Factor Theorem, Article text
In the mathematical discipline of graph theory, the 2-factor theorem, discovered by Julius Petersen, is one of the earliest works in graph theory.
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Reconstruction Conjecture (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Reconstruction Conjecture, Lead sentence
Quote, Includes: Reconstruction Conjecture, Lead sentence
In graph theory, informally, the reconstruction conjecture says that graphs are determined uniquely by their subgraphs.
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List edge-coloring (Wikipedia)
Includes: List Coloring Conjecture, Lead sentence
Quote, Includes: List Coloring Conjecture, Lead sentence
In graph theory, list edge-coloring is a type of graph coloring that combines list coloring and edge coloring.
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Graceful Labeling (Wikipedia)
Includes: Ringel-Kotzig Conjecture, Lead sentence
Quote, Includes: Ringel-Kotzig Conjecture, Lead sentence
In graph theory, a graceful labeling of a graph with m edges is a labeling of its vertices with some subset of the integers from 0
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Total Coloring (Wikipedia)
Includes: Total Coloring Conjecture, Lead sentence
Quote, Includes: Total Coloring Conjecture, Lead sentence
In graph theory, total coloring is a type of graph coloring on the vertices and edges of a graph.
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Wikipedia: Complete graph
Includes: Complete Graph, Lead sentence
Quote, Includes: Complete Graph, Lead sentence
In the mathematical field of graph theory, a complete graph is a simple undirected graph in which every pair of distinct vertices
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Wikipedia: Wheel graph
Includes: Wheel Graph, Lead sentence
Quote, Includes: Wheel Graph, Lead sentence
In graph theory, a wheel graph is a graph formed by connecting a single universal vertex to all vertices of a cycle.
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De Bruijn graph (Wikipedia)
Includes: De Bruijn Graph, Lead sentence
Quote, Includes: De Bruijn Graph, Lead sentence
In graph theory, an n-dimensional De Bruijn graph of m symbols is a directed graph representing overlaps between sequences of symb
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Petersen's theorem (Wikipedia)
Includes: Petersen's Theorem, Lead sentence
Quote, Includes: Petersen's Theorem, Lead sentence
In the mathematical discipline of graph theory, Petersen's theorem, named after Julius Petersen, is one of the earliest results in
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Hamiltonian path (Wikipedia)
  • Includes: Bondy-Chvatal Theorem, Lead sentence
    In the mathematical field of graph theory, a Hamiltonian path (or traceable path) is a path in an undirected or directed graph tha
  • Includes: Dirac's Theorem, Lead sentence
    In the mathematical field of graph theory, a Hamiltonian path (or traceable path) is a path in an undirected or directed graph tha
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BEST theorem (Wikipedia)
Includes: BEST Theorem, Lead sentence
Quote, Includes: BEST Theorem, Lead sentence
In graph theory, a part of discrete mathematics, the BEST theorem gives a product formula for the number of Eulerian circuits in d
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Five color theorem (Wikipedia)
Includes: Five Color Theorem, Lead sentence
Quote, Includes: Five Color Theorem, Lead sentence
The five color theorem is a result from graph theory that given a plane separated into regions, such as a political map of the cou
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Graph structure theorem (Wikipedia)
Includes: Graph Structure Theorem, Lead sentence
Quote, Includes: Graph Structure Theorem, Lead sentence
tructure theorem is a major result in the area of graph theory.
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Grinberg's theorem (Wikipedia)
Includes: Grinberg's Theorem, Lead sentence
Quote, Includes: Grinberg's Theorem, Lead sentence
In graph theory, Grinberg's theorem is a necessary condition for a planar graph to contain a Hamiltonian cycle, based on the lengt
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Equitable coloring (Wikipedia)
Includes: Hajnal-Szemerédi Theorem, Lead sentence
Quote, Includes: Hajnal-Szemerédi Theorem, Lead sentence
In graph theory, an area of mathematics, an equitable coloring is an assignment of colors to the vertices of an undirected graph,
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Graph Coloring (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Mycielski's Theorem, Lead sentence
Quote, Includes: Mycielski's Theorem, Lead sentence
In graph theory, graph coloring is a methodic assignment of labels traditionally called "colors" to elements of a graph.
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Planar separator theorem (Wikipedia)
Includes: Planar Separator Theorem, Lead sentence
Quote, Includes: Planar Separator Theorem, Lead sentence
In graph theory, the planar separator theorem is a form of isoperimetric inequality for planar graphs, that states that any planar
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Graph Isomorphism (Wikipedia)
Includes: Graph Isomorphism, Lead sentence
Quote, Includes: Graph Isomorphism, Lead sentence
In graph theory, an isomorphism of graphs G and H is a bijection between the vertex sets of G and H f : V ( G ) → V ( H ) such tha
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Heawood Graph (Wikipedia)
Includes: Heawood Graph, Lead sentence
Quote, Includes: Heawood Graph, Lead sentence
In the mathematical field of graph theory, the Heawood graph is an undirected graph with 14 vertices and 21 edges, named after Per
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Graph Automorphism (Wikipedia)
Includes: Graph Automorphism, Lead sentence
Quote, Includes: Graph Automorphism, Lead sentence
In the mathematical field of graph theory, an automorphism of a graph is a form of symmetry in which the graph is mapped onto itse
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Graph Bandwidth (Wikipedia)
Includes: Graph Bandwidth, Lead sentence
Quote, Includes: Graph Bandwidth, Lead sentence
In graph theory, the graph bandwidth problem may be visualized as placing the vertices of a given graph at distinct integer positi
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Moser Spindle (Wikipedia)
Includes: Moser Spindle, Lead sentence
Quote, Includes: Moser Spindle, Lead sentence
In graph theory, a branch of mathematics, the Moser spindle (also called the Mosers' spindle or Moser graph) is an undirected grap
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Chromatic Polynomial (Wikipedia)
Includes: Chromatic Polynomial, Lead sentence
Quote, Includes: Chromatic Polynomial, Lead sentence
nomial is a graph polynomial studied in algebraic graph theory, a branch of mathematics.
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Degree Matrix (Wikipedia)
Includes: Degree Matrix, Lead sentence
Quote, Includes: Degree Matrix, Lead sentence
In the mathematical field of algebraic graph theory, the degree matrix of an undirected graph is a diagonal matrix which contains
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Goldberg-Seymour Conjecture (Wikipedia)
Includes: Goldberg-Seymour Conjecture, Lead sentenceView the Source
Erdos-Posa theorem (Wikipedia)
Includes: Erdos-Posa Theorem, Lead sentenceView the Source
Vizing's Conjecture (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Vizing's Conjecture, Lead sentence
Quote, Includes: Vizing's Conjecture, Lead sentence
In graph theory, Vizing's conjecture concerns a relation between the domination number and the cartesian product of graphs.
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Tuza's Conjecture (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Tuza's Conjecture, Lead sentence
Quote, Includes: Tuza's Conjecture, Lead sentence
Tuza's conjecture is an unsolved problem in graph theory, a branch of mathematics, concerning triangles in undirected graphs.
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Lovász conjecture (Wikipedia)
Includes: Lovasz Conjecture, Lead sentenceView the Source
Wikipedia: Erdos-Gyarfas Conjecture
WikipediaIncludes: Erdos-Gyarfas Conjecture, Lead sentenceView the Source
Erdős-Faber-Lovász conjecture (Wikipedia)
Includes: Erdos-Faber-Lovasz Conjecture, Lead sentenceView the Source
Hedetniemi's Conjecture (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Hedetniemi's Conjecture, Lead sentence
Quote, Includes: Hedetniemi's Conjecture, Lead sentence
In graph theory, Hedetniemi's conjecture, formulated by Stephen T.
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Kahn-Kalai Conjecture (Wikipedia)
Includes: Kahn-Kalai Conjecture, Lead sentence
Quote, Includes: Kahn-Kalai Conjecture, Lead sentence
rk-Pham Theorem, was a conjecture in the field of graph theory and statistical mechanics, proposed by Jeff Kahn and Gil Kalai in 2
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Ryser's Conjecture (Wikipedia)
Includes: Ryser's Conjecture, Lead sentence
Quote, Includes: Ryser's Conjecture, Lead sentence
In graph theory, Ryser's conjecture is a conjecture relating the maximum matching size and the minimum transversal size in hypergr
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Sidorenko's Conjecture (Wikipedia)
Includes: Sidorenko's Conjecture, Lead sentence
Quote, Includes: Sidorenko's Conjecture, Lead sentence
re is a major conjecture in the field of extremal graph theory, posed by Alexander Sidorenko in 1986.
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Erdos-Hajnal Conjecture (Wikipedia)
Includes: Erdos-Hajnal Conjecture, Lead sentenceView the Source
Turan's Theorem (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia Foundation
  • Includes: Turan Graph, Lead sentence
  • Includes: Mantel's Theorem, Lead sentence
View the Source
Kneser graph (Wikipedia)
Includes: Kneser Graph, Lead sentence
Quote, Includes: Kneser Graph, Lead sentence
In graph theory, the Kneser graph K(n, k) (alternatively KGn,k) is the graph whose vertices correspond to the k-element subsets of
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Handshaking Lemma (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Handshaking Lemma, Lead sentence
Quote, Includes: Handshaking Lemma, Lead sentence
In graph theory, the handshaking lemma is the statement that, in every finite undirected graph, the number of vertices that touch
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Szemeredi regularity lemma, Wikipedia
Includes: Szemeredi Regularity Lemma, Lead sentenceView the Source
Friendship graph (Wikipedia)
Includes: Friendship Theorem, Lead sentence
Quote, Includes: Friendship Theorem, Lead sentence
In the mathematical field of graph theory, the friendship graph (or Dutch windmill graph or n-fan) Fn is a planar, undirected grap
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Wagner's theorem - Wikipedia
Includes: Wagner's Theorem, Lead sentence
Quote, Includes: Wagner's Theorem, Lead sentence
In graph theory, Wagner's theorem is a mathematical forbidden graph characterization of planar graphs, named after Klaus Wagner, s
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Berge's Theorem (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Berge's Theorem, Lead sentence
Quote, Includes: Berge's Theorem, Lead sentence
In graph theory, Berge's theorem states that a matching M in a graph G is maximum (contains the largest possible number of edges)
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Erdos-Stone theorem, Wikipedia
Includes: Erdos-Stone Theorem, Lead sentenceView the Source
Nash-Williams theorem (Wikipedia)
Includes: Nash-Williams Formula, Lead sentence
Quote, Includes: Nash-Williams Formula, Lead sentence
In graph theory, the Nash-Williams theorem is a tree-packing theorem that describes how many edge-disjoint spanning trees (and mor
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Fary's theorem (Wikipedia)
Includes: Fary's Theorem, Lead sentenceView the Source
Kotzig's theorem, Wikipedia
Includes: Kotzig's Theorem, Lead sentence
Quote, Includes: Kotzig's Theorem, Lead sentence
In graph theory and polyhedral combinatorics, areas of mathematics, Kotzig's theorem is the statement that every polyhedral graph
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Approximate max-flow min-cut theorem (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Approximate Max-Flow Min-Cut Theorem, Lead sentence
Quote, Includes: Approximate Max-Flow Min-Cut Theorem, Lead sentence
In graph theory, approximate max-flow min-cut theorems concern the relationship between the maximum flow rate (max-flow) and the m
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Grotzsch's theorem (Wikipedia)
Includes: Grotzsch's Theorem, Lead sentenceView the Source
Perfect graph theorem (Wikipedia)
Includes: Perfect Graph Theorem, Lead sentenceView the Source
Heawood conjecture (Wikipedia)
Includes: Ringel-Youngs Theorem, Lead sentenceView the Source
Schnyder's theorem (Wikipedia)
Includes: Schnyder's Theorem, Lead sentence
Quote, Includes: Schnyder's Theorem, Lead sentence
In graph theory, Schnyder's theorem is a characterization of planar graphs in terms of the order dimension of their incidence pose
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Strong perfect graph theorem (Wikipedia)
Includes: Strong Perfect Graph Theorem, Lead sentence
Quote, Includes: Strong Perfect Graph Theorem, Lead sentence
In graph theory, the strong perfect graph theorem is a forbidden graph characterization of the perfect graphs as being exactly the
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Grötzsch Graph (Wikipedia)
Includes: Grötzsch Graph, Lead sentenceView the Source
Treewidth (Wikipedia)
Includes: Treewidth, Lead sentence
Quote, Includes: Treewidth, Lead sentence
In graph theory, the treewidth of an undirected graph is an integer number which specifies, informally, how far the graph is from
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Lovász Number (Wikipedia)
Includes: Lovász Number, Lead sentenceView the Source
Euler Tour Technique (Wikipedia)
Includes: Euler Tour Technique, Lead sentence
Quote, Includes: Euler Tour Technique, Lead sentence
(ETT), named after Leonhard Euler, is a method in graph theory for representing trees.
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Betweenness Centrality (Wikipedia)
Includes: Betweenness Centrality, Lead sentence
Quote, Includes: Betweenness Centrality, Lead sentence
In graph theory, betweenness centrality is a measure of centrality in a graph based on shortest paths.
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W. T. Tutte (Wikipedia)
Includes: W. T. Tutte, Lead paragraph [in-branch]
Quote, Includes: W. T. Tutte, Lead paragraph [in-branch]
graph theory
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Dénes Kőnig (Wikipedia)
Includes: Dénes Kőnig, Lead paragraph
Quote, Includes: Dénes Kőnig, Lead paragraph
graph theory
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Julius Petersen (Wikipedia)
Includes: Julius Petersen, Lead paragraph [in-branch]
Quote, Includes: Julius Petersen, Lead paragraph [in-branch]
graph theory
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Heinrich Tietze (Wikipedia)
Includes: Heinrich Tietze, Lead paragraph [in-branch 3]
Quote, Includes: Heinrich Tietze, Lead paragraph [in-branch 3]
Tietze's graph
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Klaus Wagner (Wikipedia)
Includes: Klaus Wagner, Lead paragraph [in-branch]
Quote, Includes: Klaus Wagner, Lead paragraph [in-branch]
graph theory
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Wikipedia: Rudolf Halin
Includes: Rudolf Halin, Lead
Quote, Includes: Rudolf Halin, Lead
was a German graph theorist
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Wikipedia: Neil Robertson
Includes: Neil Robertson, Lead
Quote, Includes: Neil Robertson, Lead
is a mathematician working mainly in topological graph theory
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Wikipedia: Paul Seymour
Includes: Paul Seymour, Lead
Quote, Includes: Paul Seymour, Lead
known for his work in discrete mathematics, especially graph theory
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Wikipedia: Bruno Courcelle
Includes: Bruno Courcelle, Lead
Quote, Includes: Bruno Courcelle, Lead
best known for Courcelle's theorem in graph theory
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Wikipedia: Percy John Heawood
Includes: Percy John Heawood, Lead
Quote, Includes: Percy John Heawood, Lead
who concentrated on graph colouring
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Claude Berge (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Claude Berge, Lead
Quote, Includes: Claude Berge, Lead
Claude Jacques Berge (5 June 1926-30 June 2002) was a French mathematician, recognized as one of the modern founders of combinatorics and graph theory.
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Wikipedia: Tibor Gallai
Includes: Tibor Gallai, Lead
Quote, Includes: Tibor Gallai, Lead
He worked in combinatorics, especially in graph theory, and was a lifelong friend and collaborator of Paul Erdős.
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Wikipedia: Gerhard Ringel
Includes: Gerhard Ringel, Lead
Quote, Includes: Gerhard Ringel, Lead
He was one of the pioneers in graph theory and contributed significantly to the proof of the Heawood conjecture (now the Ringel-Youngs theorem), a mathematical problem closely linked with the four color theorem.
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Wikipedia: Kazimierz Kuratowski
Includes: Kazimierz Kuratowski, Lead
Quote, Includes: Kazimierz Kuratowski, Lead
He is primarily known for his contributions to set theory, topology, measure theory and graph theory.
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Wikipedia: R. Leonard Brooks
Includes: R. Leonard Brooks, Lead
Quote, Includes: R. Leonard Brooks, Lead
Rowland Leonard Brooks (February 6, 1916, June 18, 1993) was an English mathematician, known for proving Brooks's theorem on the relation between the chromatic number and the degree of graphs.
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Hydra game (Wikipedia)
Includes: Hydra Game, Lead paragraph
Quote, Includes: Hydra Game, Lead paragraph
In mathematics, specifically in graph theory and number theory, a hydra game is a single-player iterative mathematical game played on a mathematical tree called a "hydra" where the player's goal is to "kill" the hydra by removing its nodes ("heads") one-by-one while the hydra simultaneously expands itself (this resembles a battle between Hercules and the Lernaean Hydra, hence the name).
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Algebraic connectivity (Wikipedia)
Includes: Algebraic connectivity, Lead paragraph
Quote, Includes: Algebraic connectivity, Lead paragraph
The algebraic connectivity (also known as Fiedler value or Fiedler eigenvalue after Miroslav Fiedler) of a graph G is the second-smallest eigenvalue (counting multiple eigenvalues separately) of the Laplacian matrix of G.
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Wolfram MathWorld: Crossing Number
Wolfram MathWorldIncludes: Crossing Number (Graph Theory), Subject classifications
Quote, Includes: Crossing Number (Graph Theory), Subject classifications
Discrete Mathematics Graph Theory
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Wolfram MathWorld: Binary Tree
Wolfram MathWorldIncludes: Binary Tree, Subject classifications
Quote, Includes: Binary Tree, Subject classifications
Discrete Mathematics Graph Theory
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Wolfram MathWorld: Cycle Double Cover Conjecture
Wolfram MathWorldIncludes: Cycle Double Cover Conjecture, Subject classifications
Quote, Includes: Cycle Double Cover Conjecture, Subject classifications
Discrete Mathematics Graph Theory
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Wolfram MathWorld: Hadwiger Conjecture
Wolfram MathWorldIncludes: Hadwiger Conjecture, Subject classifications
Quote, Includes: Hadwiger Conjecture, Subject classifications
Discrete Mathematics Graph Theory
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Thrackle (Wikipedia)
Includes: Conway's Thrackle Conjecture, Lead section
Quote, Includes: Conway's Thrackle Conjecture, Lead section
A thrackle is an embedding of a graph in the plane in which each edge is a Jordan arc
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Crossing Number Inequality (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Crossing Number Inequality, Lead section
Quote, Includes: Crossing Number Inequality, Lead section
In the mathematics of graph drawing, the crossing number inequality or crossing
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Ihara Zeta Function (Wikipedia)
Includes: Ihara Zeta Function, Lead section
Quote, Includes: Ihara Zeta Function, Lead section
zeta function is a zeta function associated with a finite graph. It closely resembles the Selberg zeta function
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MacTutor biography of Øystein Ore, St Andrews
Includes: Øystein Ore, Biography
Quote, Includes: Øystein Ore, Biography
who worked in ring theory, Galois theory and graph theory
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Alfréd Rényi, Biography (MacTutor History of Mathematics)
Includes: Alfréd Rényi, Summary
Quote, Includes: Alfréd Rényi, Summary
Alfréd Rényi was a Hungarian mathematician who worked in probability theory, combinatorics, graph theory and number theory.
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