The study of formal proof, mathematical truth, and the axiomatic bedrock the rest of mathematics rests on: set theory, model theory, proof theory and computability. David Hilbert's early twentieth century program sought to place all of mathematics on a finite, provably consistent axiomatic foundation; Kurt Godel's 1931 incompleteness theorems showed that any consistent formal system powerful enough to describe basic arithmetic must contain true statements it cannot prove, reshaping what a foundation for mathematics could even promise.
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Central QuestionWhat are the ultimate foundations of mathematical truth and proof, and can they be made fully rigorous, consistent and complete? 1 Key DebateWhether Godel's incompleteness theorems refuted Hilbert's program outright, or only its most literal, most ambitious form, leaving weaker finitist and relativized foundational projects, and later developments such as reverse mathematics, genuinely viable in its place. 1 Partially Attested
Pure or AppliedThe source ties the field to the foundations of mathematics; it also has applications in computer science. Logic and Foundations
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Source Wolfram MathWorld: Uniqueness Theorem
Source Wikipedia: Wilhelm Ackermann
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1. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Center for the Study of Language and Information, Stanford Universityhttps://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-classical/Quote, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-classical/
Typically, a logic consists of a formal or informal language together with a deductive system and/or a model-theoretic semantics.
View the Source 2. Mathematical Logic (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationHistory
Mathematical logic, also called 'logistic', 'symbolic logic', the 'algebra of logic', and, more recently, simply 'formal logic', is the set of logical theories elaborated in the course of the nineteenth century with the aid of an artificial notation and a rigorously deductive method.
Lead section
Mathematical logic is the study of formal logic within mathematics.
Lead section, foundations
Since its inception, mathematical logic has both contributed to and been motivated by the study of the foundations of mathematics.
View the Source Cantor's Theorem (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Cantor's Theorem, leadQuote, Includes: Cantor's Theorem, lead
Every set is smaller than its power set
View the Source MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
University of St Andrews, School of Mathematics and StatisticsAssociated With: Kurt Gödel, https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Godel/
He proved fundamental results about axiomatic systems, showing in any axiomatic mathematical system there are propositions that cannot be proved or disproved within the axioms of the system.
Associated With: David Hilbert, https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Hilbert/
A systematic study of the axioms of Euclidean geometry led Hilbert to propose 21 such axioms and he analysed their significance.
View the Source Continuum Hypothesis (Wikipedia)
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In mathematics, specifically set theory, the continuum hypothesis (abbreviated CH) is a hypothesis
View the Source Wikipedia: Axiom
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Axiom, Mathematical logic sectionQuote, Includes: Axiom, Mathematical logic section
In the field of mathematical logic, a clear distinction is made between two notions of axioms: logical and non-logical.
View the Source Wikipedia: Cantor's Diagonal Argument
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Cantor's Diagonal Argument, Lead sectionQuote, Includes: Cantor's Diagonal Argument, Lead section
However, it demonstrates a general technique that has since been used in a wide range of proofs, including the first of Gödel's incompleteness theorems and Turing's answer to the Entscheidungsproblem.
View the Source Wikipedia: P versus NP Problem
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: P versus NP, Logical characterizations sectionQuote, Includes: P versus NP, Logical characterizations section
The P = NP problem can also be stated as a question about expressive power in descriptive complexity.
View the Source Wikipedia: Godel's Incompleteness Theorems
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Godel's Incompleteness Theorems, Lead sectionQuote, Includes: Godel's Incompleteness Theorems, Lead section
Gödel's incompleteness theorems are two theorems of mathematical logic that are concerned with the limits of provability in formal axiomatic theories.
View the Source Actual and Potential Infinity (Wikipedia)
Includes: Actual and Potential Infinity, LeadQuote, Includes: Actual and Potential Infinity, Lead
In the philosophy of mathematics, the abstraction of actual infinity
View the Source Turing degree (Wikipedia)
Includes: Turing Degree, Lead sentenceQuote, Includes: Turing Degree, Lead sentence
In computer science and mathematical logic the Turing degree (named after Alan Turing) or degree of unsolvability of a set of natu
View the Source Robinson's joint consistency theorem, Wikipedia
Includes: Robinson's Joint Consistency Theorem, Lead sentenceQuote, Includes: Robinson's Joint Consistency Theorem, Lead sentence
nt consistency theorem is an important theorem of mathematical logic.
View the Source Categorical theory
Includes: Morley's Categoricity Theorem, Lead sentenceQuote, Includes: Morley's Categoricity Theorem, Lead sentence
In mathematical logic, a theory is categorical if it has exactly one model (up to isomorphism).
View the Source Gabbay's separation theorem - Wikipedia
Includes: Gabbay's Separation Theorem, Lead sentenceQuote, Includes: Gabbay's Separation Theorem, Lead sentence
In mathematical logic and computer science, Gabbay's separation theorem states that any formula in linear temporal logic (LTL) wit
View the Source Deduction Theorem (Wikipedia)
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In mathematical logic, a deduction theorem is a metatheorem that justifies doing conditional proofs from a hypothesis in systems t
View the Source Extension by new constant and function names (Wikipedia)
Includes: Conservativity Theorem, Lead sentenceQuote, Includes: Conservativity Theorem, Lead sentence
In mathematical logic, a theory can be extended with new constants or function names under certain conditions with assurance that
View the Source Sahlqvist formula (Wikipedia)
Includes: Sahlqvist Correspondence Theorem, Lead sentenceQuote, Includes: Sahlqvist Correspondence Theorem, Lead sentence
In modal logic, Sahlqvist formulas are a certain kind of modal formula with remarkable properties.
View the Source Soundness (Wikipedia)
Includes: Soundness Theorem, Lead sentenceQuote, Includes: Soundness Theorem, Lead sentence
In logic, soundness can refer to either a property of arguments or a property of formal deductive systems.
View the Source Arity (Wikipedia)
Includes: Arity, Lead sentenceQuote, Includes: Arity, Lead sentence
In logic, mathematics, and computer science, arity ( ) is the number of arguments or operands taken by a function, operation or re
View the Source Negation (Wikipedia)
Includes: Negation, Lead sentenceQuote, Includes: Negation, Lead sentence
In logic, negation, also called the logical not or logical complement, is an operation that takes a proposition P to another propo
View the Source Sequent (Wikipedia)
Includes: Sequent, Lead sentenceQuote, Includes: Sequent, Lead sentence
In mathematical logic, a sequent is a very general kind of conditional assertion.
View the Source Barcan Formula (Wikipedia)
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In quantified modal logic, the Barcan formula and the converse Barcan formula (more accurately, schemata rather than formulas) (i)
View the Source Friedberg-Muchnik theorem, Wikipedia
Craig's interpolation theorem, Wikipedia
Includes: Craig Interpolation Theorem, Lead sentenceQuote, Includes: Craig Interpolation Theorem, Lead sentence
In mathematical logic, Craig's interpolation theorem is a result about the relationship between different logical theories.
View the Source Beth Definability (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Beth Definability Theorem, Lead sentenceQuote, Includes: Beth Definability Theorem, Lead sentence
In mathematical logic, the Beth definability theorem is a fundamental result in logic that states a property implicitly defined by
View the Source Lindstrom's theorem, Wikipedia
Omega-categorical theory (Wikipedia)
Includes: Ryll-Nardzewski Theorem, Lead sentenceQuote, Includes: Ryll-Nardzewski Theorem, Lead sentence
In mathematical logic, an omega-categorical theory is a theory that has exactly one countably infinite model up to isomorphism.
View the Source Absoluteness (logic) (Wikipedia)
Includes: Shoenfield's Absoluteness Theorem, Lead sentenceQuote, Includes: Shoenfield's Absoluteness Theorem, Lead sentence
In mathematical logic, a formula is said to be absolute to some class of structures (also called models), if it has the same truth
View the Source Courcelle's theorem - Wikipedia
Includes: Courcelle's Theorem, Lead sentenceQuote, Includes: Courcelle's Theorem, Lead sentence
ph property definable in the monadic second-order logic of graphs can be decided in linear time on graphs of bounded treewidth.
View the Source De Morgan's laws - Wikipedia
Diagonal Lemma (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Diagonal Lemma, Lead sentenceQuote, Includes: Diagonal Lemma, Lead sentence
In mathematical logic, the diagonal lemma (also known as diagonalization lemma, self-reference lemma or fixed point theorem) estab
View the Source Frege's theorem, Wikipedia
Includes: Frege's Theorem, Lead sentenceQuote, Includes: Frege's Theorem, Lead sentence
In metalogic and metamathematics, Frege's theorem is a metatheorem that states that the Peano axioms of arithmetic can be derived
View the Source Barwise Compactness Theorem (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Barwise Compactness Theorem, Lead sentenceQuote, Includes: Barwise Compactness Theorem, Lead sentence
In mathematical logic, the Barwise compactness theorem, named after Jon Barwise, is a generalization of the usual compactness theo
View the Source Kamp's theorem (Wikipedia)
Includes: Kamp's Theorem, Lead sentenceQuote, Includes: Kamp's Theorem, Lead sentence
In mathematical logic and computer science, Kamp's theorem states that linear temporal logic is equivalent to the monadic first-or
View the Source Diaconescu's theorem (Wikipedia)
Goodstein's theorem (Wikipedia)
Includes: Goodstein's Theorem, Lead sentenceQuote, Includes: Goodstein's Theorem, Lead sentence
In mathematical logic, Goodstein's theorem is a statement about the natural numbers, proved by Reuben Goodstein in 1944, which sta
View the Source Tennenbaum's theorem (Wikipedia)
Includes: Tennenbaum's Theorem, Lead sentenceQuote, Includes: Tennenbaum's Theorem, Lead sentence
who presented the theorem in 1959, is a result in mathematical logic that states that no countable nonstandard model of first-orde
View the Source Thoralf Skolem (Wikipedia)
Includes: Thoralf Skolem, Lead paragraphQuote, Includes: Thoralf Skolem, Lead paragraph
mathematical logic
View the Source Leopold Kronecker (Wikipedia)
Includes: Leopold Kronecker, Lead paragraph [in-branch 2]Quote, Includes: Leopold Kronecker, Lead paragraph [in-branch 2]
logic
View the Source Nicolaas Govert de Bruijn (Wikipedia)
Includes: Nicolaas Govert de Bruijn, Lead paragraph [in-branch 4]Quote, Includes: Nicolaas Govert de Bruijn, Lead paragraph [in-branch 4]
logic
View the Source Gerhard Gentzen (Wikipedia)
Includes: Gerhard Gentzen, Lead paragraph [in-branch]Quote, Includes: Gerhard Gentzen, Lead paragraph [in-branch]
foundations of mathematics
View the Source Stephen Cole Kleene (Wikipedia)
Includes: Stephen Cole Kleene, Lead paragraph [in-branch 2]Quote, Includes: Stephen Cole Kleene, Lead paragraph [in-branch 2]
mathematical logic
View the Source Hermann Weyl (Wikipedia)
Includes: Hermann Weyl, Lead paragraph [in-branch 3]Quote, Includes: Hermann Weyl, Lead paragraph [in-branch 3]
logic
View the Source Wikipedia: Haskell Curry
Includes: Haskell Curry, LeadQuote, Includes: Haskell Curry, Lead
Curry is best known for his work in combinatory logic.
View the Source Wikipedia: Moses Schönfinkel
Includes: Moses Schönfinkel, LeadQuote, Includes: Moses Schönfinkel, Lead
known for the invention of combinatory logic
View the Source Wikipedia: Dov Gabbay
Includes: Dov Gabbay, LeadQuote, Includes: Dov Gabbay, Lead
is an Israeli logician
View the Source Wikipedia: Reuben Goodstein
Includes: Reuben Goodstein, LeadQuote, Includes: Reuben Goodstein, Lead
Goodstein's theorem was among the earliest examples of theorems found to be unprovable in Peano arithmetic
View the Source Wikipedia: Wilhelm Ackermann
Includes: Wilhelm Ackermann, LeadQuote, Includes: Wilhelm Ackermann, Lead
best known for his work in mathematical logic
View the Source Wikipedia: Albert Muchnik
Includes: Albert Muchnik, LeadQuote, Includes: Albert Muchnik, Lead
who worked in the field of foundations and mathematical logic
View the Source Wikipedia: Evert Willem Beth
Includes: Evert Willem Beth, LeadQuote, Includes: Evert Willem Beth, Lead
Evert Willem Beth (7 July 1908-12 April 1964) was a Dutch philosopher and logician, whose work principally concerned the foundations of mathematics.
View the Source Wikipedia: George Boole
Includes: George Boole, LeadQuote, Includes: George Boole, Lead
George Boole ( BOOL; 2 November 1815-8 December 1864) was an English mathematician and philosopher often credited with revolutionizing logic by transforming it from a philosophical study of language into a mathematical system of algebraic equations using binary values and logical operators.
View the Source Wikipedia: J. Barkley Rosser
Includes: J. Barkley Rosser, LeadQuote, Includes: J. Barkley Rosser, Lead
John Barkley Rosser Sr. (December 6, 1907, September 5, 1989) was an American logician, a student of Alonzo Church, and known for his part in the Church-Rosser theorem in lambda calculus.
View the Source Wikipedia: Leopold Löwenheim
Includes: Leopold Löwenheim, LeadQuote, Includes: Leopold Löwenheim, Lead
Leopold Löwenheim [ˈle:o:pɔl̩d ˈlø:vɛnhaɪm] (26 June 1878 in Krefeld, 5 May 1957 in Berlin) was a German mathematician doing work in mathematical logic.
View the Source Wikipedia: Per Lindström
Includes: Per Lindström, LeadQuote, Includes: Per Lindström, Lead
Per "Pelle" Lindström (9 April 1936-21 August 2009, Gothenburg) was a Swedish logician, after whom Lindström's theorem and the Lindström quantifier are named. (He also independently discovered Ehrenfeucht-Fraïssé games.) He was one of the key followers of Lars Svenonius.
View the Source Bernard Bolzano (Wikipedia)
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Bernard Bolzano (UK: , US: ; German: [bɔlˈtsaːno]; Italian: [bolˈtsaːno]; born Bernardus Placidus Johann Nepomuk Bolzano; 5 October 1781-18 December 1848) was a Bohemian mathematician, logician, philosopher, theologian and Catholic priest of Italian extraction, also known for his liberal views.
View the Source Jon Barwise (Wikipedia)
Includes: Jon Barwise, Lead paragraphQuote, Includes: Jon Barwise, Lead paragraph
Kenneth Jon Barwise (; June 29, 1942, March 5, 2000) was an American mathematician, philosopher, and logician who proposed some fundamental revisions to the way that logic is understood and used.
View the Source Ernst Zermelo (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Ernst Zermelo, Lead paragraphQuote, Includes: Ernst Zermelo, Lead paragraph
Ernst Friedrich Ferdinand Zermelo (; German: [tsɛɐ̯ˈmeːlo]; 27 July 1871-21 May 1953) was a German logician and mathematician, whose work has major implications for the foundations of mathematics.
View the Source B, C, K, W System (Wikipedia)
Includes: B, C, K, W System, Lead paragraphQuote, Includes: B, C, K, W System, Lead paragraph
The B, C, K, W system is a variant of combinatory logic that takes as primitive the combinators B, C, K, and W.
View the Source SKI combinator calculus (Wikipedia)
Includes: SKI combinator calculus, Lead paragraphQuote, Includes: SKI combinator calculus, Lead paragraph
The SKI combinator calculus is a combinatory logic system and a computational system.
View the Source Associative Property (Wikipedia)
Includes: Associative Property, Lead paragraphQuote, Includes: Associative Property, Lead paragraph
In propositional logic, associativity is a valid rule of replacement for expressions in logical proofs.
View the Source Wolfram MathWorld: Constructive Proof
Wolfram MathWorldIncludes: Constructive Proof, Subject classificationsQuote, Includes: Constructive Proof, Subject classifications
Foundations of Mathematics Theorem Proving
View the Source Wolfram MathWorld: Richardson's Theorem
Wolfram MathWorldIncludes: Richardson's Theorem, Subject classificationsQuote, Includes: Richardson's Theorem, Subject classifications
Foundations of Mathematics Logic
View the Source Wolfram MathWorld: Nonstandard Analysis
Wolfram MathWorldIncludes: Nonstandard Analysis, Subject classificationsQuote, Includes: Nonstandard Analysis, Subject classifications
Foundations of Mathematics Logic
View the Source Wolfram MathWorld: Turnstile
Wolfram MathWorldIncludes: Turnstile (Symbol), Subject classificationsQuote, Includes: Turnstile (Symbol), Subject classifications
Foundations of Mathematics Logic
View the Source Wolfram MathWorld: Partial Function
Wolfram MathWorldIncludes: Partial Function, Subject classificationsQuote, Includes: Partial Function, Subject classifications
Foundations of Mathematics Logic
View the Source Wolfram MathWorld: Characterization
Wolfram MathWorldIncludes: Characterization, Subject classificationsQuote, Includes: Characterization, Subject classifications
Foundations of Mathematics Theorem Proving
View the Source Wolfram MathWorld: Existence Theorem
Wolfram MathWorldIncludes: Existence Theorem, Subject classificationsQuote, Includes: Existence Theorem, Subject classifications
Foundations of Mathematics Theorem Proving
View the Source Wolfram MathWorld: Uniqueness Theorem
Wolfram MathWorldIncludes: Uniqueness Theorem, Subject classificationsQuote, Includes: Uniqueness Theorem, Subject classifications
Foundations of Mathematics Theorem Proving
View the Source Wolfram MathWorld: Church's Theorem
Wolfram MathWorldIncludes: Church's Theorem, Subject classificationsQuote, Includes: Church's Theorem, Subject classifications
Foundations of Mathematics Logic
View the Source Entscheidungsproblem (Wikipedia)
Includes: Entscheidungsproblem, Lead sectionQuote, Includes: Entscheidungsproblem, Lead section
computer science, the Entscheidungsproblem (German for 'decision problem'; pronounced [ɛntˈʃaɪ̯dʊŋspʁoˌbleːm]) is a challenge
View the Source Impossibility Theorem
Includes: Impossibility Theorem, Lead sectionQuote, Includes: Impossibility Theorem, Lead section
In mathematics, an impossibility theorem is a theorem that demonstrates a problem or general set of problems cannot be solved. These are also known as proofs of impossibility
View the Source Wolfram MathWorld: Los's Theorem -- from Wolfram MathWorld
Wolfram MathWorldIncludes: Los's Theorem, Subject classificationsQuote, Includes: Los's Theorem, Subject classifications
Foundations of Mathematics Logic
View the Source Augustus De Morgan, Biography (MacTutor History of Mathematics)
Includes: Augustus De Morgan, BiographyQuote, Includes: Augustus De Morgan, Biography
He introduced De Morgan's laws and his greatest contribution is as a reformer of mathematical logic.
View the Source Edward Nelson, Biography (MacTutor History of Mathematics)
Includes: Edward Nelson, SummaryQuote, Includes: Edward Nelson, Summary
Edward Nelson was an American mathematician who won the Steele Prize for applying probability to quantum field theory. He wrote several classic texts on the topic. In the latter part of his career he studied mathematical logic.
View the Source Gottlob Frege, Biography (MacTutor History of Mathematics)
Includes: Gottlob Frege, SummaryQuote, Includes: Gottlob Frege, Summary
Gottlob Frege was a German mathematician who was one of the founders of modern symbolic logic putting forward the view that mathematics is reducible to logic.
View the Source Jacques Herbrand, Biography (MacTutor History of Mathematics)
Includes: Jacques Herbrand, SummaryQuote, Includes: Jacques Herbrand, Summary
Jacques Herbrand was a French mathematician who died young but made contributions to mathematical logic.
View the Source John Venn, Biography (MacTutor History of Mathematics)
Includes: John Venn, SummaryQuote, Includes: John Venn, Summary
John Venn was an English mathematician and logician best known for the Venn diagrams which can be used to visualise the unions and intersections of sets.
View the Source Lewis Carroll, Biography (MacTutor History of Mathematics)
Includes: Lewis Carroll, BiographyQuote, Includes: Lewis Carroll, Biography
As a mathematical logician, he was interested in increasing understanding by treating it as a game.
View the Source Moritz Pasch, Biography (MacTutor History of Mathematics)
Includes: Moritz Pasch, SummaryQuote, Includes: Moritz Pasch, Summary
Moritz Pasch was a German mathematician who worked on the foundations of geometry. He found a number of assumptions in Euclid that nobody had noticed before.
View the Source MacTutor History of Mathematics: Alonzo Church
Includes: Alonzo Church, Biography textQuote, Includes: Alonzo Church, Biography text
Alonzo Church made important contributions to mathematical logic and theoretical computer science.
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